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A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learn

ing English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.

What makes a 'good' language learner 'good', and what makes a 'poor' language learner 'poor'？ What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context？ These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies, Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: chap 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chamot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either 'good' or 'poor'.

Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research.

In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986) We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style. or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they interact to affect success or failure in a particular language learning situation.

Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.

In paragraph 2 learner variables, and strategies are defined by reference to other writers

A．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important concepts

B．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitions

C．because the present author is not sure what these terms mean

D．because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area

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更多“A number of researchers have e…”相关的问题
第1题
3 Joe Lawson is founder and Managing Director of Lawson Engineering, a medium sized, priva
tely owned family

business specialising in the design and manufacture of precision engineering products. Its customers are major

industrial customers in the aerospace, automotive and chemical industries, many of which are globally recognised

companies. Lawson prides itself on the long-term relationships it has built up with these high profile customers. The

strength of these relationships is built on Lawson’s worldwide reputation for engineering excellence, which has

tangible recognition in its gaining prestigious international awards for product and process innovation and quality

performance. Lawson Engineering is a company name well known in its chosen international markets. Its reputation

has been enhanced by the awarding of a significant number of worldwide patents for the highly innovative products

it has designed. This in turn reflects the commitment to recruiting highly skilled engineers, facilitating positive staff

development and investing in significant research and development.

Its products command premium prices and are key to the superior performance of its customers’ products. Lawson

Engineering has also established long-term relationships with its main suppliers, particularly those making the exotic

materials built into their advanced products. Such relationships are crucial in research and development projects,

some of which take a number of years to come to fruition. Joe Lawson epitomises the ‘can do’ philosophy of the

company, always willing to take on the complex engineering challenges presented by his demanding customers.

Lawson Engineering now faces problems caused by its own success. Its current location, premises and facilities are

inadequate to allow the continued growth of the company. Joe is faced with the need to fund a new, expensive,

purpose-built facility on a new industrial estate. Although successful against a number of performance criteria, Lawson

Engineering’s performance against traditional financial measures has been relatively modest and unlikely to impress

the financial backers Joe wants to provide the necessary long-term capital.

Joe has become aware of the increasing attention paid to the intangible resources of a firm in a business. He

understands that you, as a strategy consultant, can advise him on the best way to show that his business should be

judged on the complete range of assets it possesses.

Required:

(a) Using models where appropriate, provide Joe with a resource analysis showing why the company’s intangible

resources and related capabilities should be taken into account when assessing Lawson Engineering’s case

for financial support. (12 marks)

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第2题
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory：m
eaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization.It is useful to know how there principles work.

Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember.Do you know the rhyme "Thirty days has September, April, June, and November..."？ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 day s.

Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order？ Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.One example of organization is chunking.C hunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.Categorizing is another means of organization.Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of wor ds: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair.Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered mo re easily than the first one.

Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.For example, the heigh t of Mount Fuji in Japan -12,389 feet -might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).

The last principle is visualizati on.Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetiti on to learn the words.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental pict ure can help us to preserve a memory.

1.What kind of information is easy for us to remember？()

A.Information that does not make any sense to us

B.Information that we are not familiar with

C.Information that is meaningful to us

D.Information that we are not interested in

2.Which of the following pairs are rhymes？()

A.horse—house

B.right---white

C.come----home

D.how---low

3.The second list of words in para.3 is organized according to().

A.the rhyme

B.the word category

C.th e first letters of words

D.the meanings

4.Books are kept in a library().

A.according to their size

B.in random order

C.in a jumbled way

D.in different categories

5.What method can better help form. a whole mental picture about the ti ngs to be remembered？()

A.Grouping

B.Repetition

C.Imagery

D.Association

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第3题
3 The Chemical Services Group plc （CSG), which operates a divisionalised structure, provid

3 The Chemical Services Group plc (CSG), which operates a divisionalised structure, provides services to industrial and

domestic customers in Swingland, a country whose economic climate is subject to significant variations. There have

been a number of recent changes at board level within CSG and therefore the managing director called a meeting of

the board of directors at which each of four recently appointed directors put forward their view as to what their primary

focus should be. These were as follows:

The research and development director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon ensuring that we continue to develop

the products and services that satisfy the requirements of our existing and potential customers’.

The finance director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon keeping our investors satisfied’.

The human resources director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon ensuring that we take all the steps necessary to

establish and maintain our reputation as a responsible employer’.

The corporate affairs director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon the need to ensure that we are recognised as a

socially responsible organisation’.

Required:

(a) Discuss the criteria that should be considered in deciding upon suitable performance measures in respect of

the primary focus of each of the FOUR directors of CSG providing THREE appropriate quantitative measures

for each primary focus.

Note: your answer may include financial or non-financial quantitative measures. (12 marks)

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第4题
根据材料请回答 23～30 题 Lie detectors （测谎仪)are widely used in the United States to f

根据材料请回答 23～30 题

Lie detectors (测谎仪)are widely used in the United States to find out whether a per-son is telling the truth or not.Polygraphists, the person who operate them, claim that they can establish guilt by detecting physiological changes that accompany emotional stress.The technique adopted is to ask leading questions such as: "Did you take the mo-ney？" or "Where did you hide the money？", mixed in with neutral questions, and measure the subject's electrical resistance in the palm or changes in his breathing and heart rate.Such apparatus has obtained widespread recognition.

Whether lie detectors will ever be adopted on a similar scale in Britain is still a matter of opinion.At first sight, it appears obvious that any simple, reliable method of convic-ting guilty people is valuable, but recent research sponsored by the U.S.Office of Public Health not only raises doubts about how lie detectors should be.used but also makes it questionable whether they should be employed at all.

The point is that, apart from many of the polygraphists being unqualified, the tests themselves are by no means free from error, primarily because they discount human imagi-nation and ingenuity.Think of all those perfectly innocent people, with nothing to be a-fraid of, who blush and stammer when a customs officer asks them if they have anything to declare.Fear, and a consequently heightened electrical response, may not be enough to establish guilt.It depends on whether the subject is afraid of being found out or afraid of being wrongfully convicted.

On the other hand, the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has pre-pared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or de-liberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones!

The success rate of up to 90% claimed for lie detectors is misleadingly attractive.If we refer such a figure to a company with 500 employees, twenty of whom are thieves, the lie detector could catch 18 of them but in doing so would place 32 innocent employees un-der suspicion.The problem for the management would therefore become one of deciding how much industrial unrest they are prepared to cause in order to eliminate theft.What concerns research workers even more, of course, is the fact that a certain number of in no-cent people are bound to be convicted of crimes that they have not committed.

第 23 题 Paragraph 1__________

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第5题
The brain is a seemingly endless library, whose sh...

The brain is a seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime’s knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity. The answer is no, because brains are more sophisticated than that. Instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Precious behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting. But in a new study, researchers demonstrated for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine, for instance, that just lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number(PIN). Each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one. This process improves access to the relevant information, without old memories interfering. And most of us may sometimes feel the frustration of having old memories interfere with new, relevant memories. Consider trying to remember where you parked your car in the same car park you were at a week earlier. This type of memory (where you are trying to remember new, but similar information) is particularly vulnerable to interference. When we acquire new information, the main automatically tries to incorporate(合并) it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve(检索) information, both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled. The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, and its importance begins to be more appreciated. A very small number of people are able to remember almost every detail of their life. While it may sound like an advantage to many, people with this rare condition often find their unusual ability burdensome. In a sense, forgetting is our brain’s way of sorting memories, so the most relevant memories are ready for retrieval. Normal forgetting may even be a safety mechanism to ensure our brain doesn’t become too full. What does the passage say about forgetting？

A、It can enlarge our brain capacity.

B、It helps get rid of negative memories.

C、It is a way of organizing our memories.

D、It should not cause any alarm in any way.

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第6题
回答下列各题： Creative Teams and Management WhenColgatelauncheditsthenrevolutionary Col

回答下列各题： Creative Teams and Management When Colgate launched its then revolutionary Colgate Gum Protection toothpaste in 1990, company executives were confident they had a hit on their hands. The toothpaste incorporated a groundbreaking antibacterial technology they thought was the biggest innovation since fluoride. But in the months after the toothpastes six-country rollout, the products market share reached a meager 1% ) --one-fifth of the companys projections. What went wrong？ A new round of market research found that the original launch strategy muted the "breakthrough" message; the ads positioned the new toothpaste as a line extension instead of a revolutionary advance, and the public just didnt buy the products broad claims. Up to this point,Colgates president, Bill Shanahan, had attended only quarterly review meetings; now he rolled up his sleeves to rescue the product, establishing a worldwide marketing team and meeting regularly with global business vice president Kathleen Thomhill and CEO Reuben Mark to follow the teams progress. Shanahan and others at the very top sifted through the research and took part in the advertising development meetings, working elbow to elbow with the marketing team renamed colgate Total, and promoted with a retooled ad campaign that stressed the toothpastes 12-hour protection, the product was a hit in most of the103 counties outside the United States. Shanahan continued to lavish personal attention on the product, putting Colgate Total under the direct supervision of Jack Haber, the worldwide director of consumer oral care products, and committing $ 35 million and a team of 200 employees to the project.With that kind of senior-level backing, Harber pulled out the stops, spending $ 20 million to promote Colgate Total to U. S. dentists alone. Within two months of its domestic launch in 1997, the product captured 10. 5% of the U. S. toothpaste market andwithin six months muscled perennial champ, Procter& Gambles Crest, out of first place. Colgate Total has remained number one ever since. What transforms a good product idea like Colgate Total into a blockbuster？ We spent ten years studying more than 700 new product development teams and interviewed over 400 project leaders, team members, senior executives, and CEOs intimately involved in product development and launch. Of the hundreds of teams we studied, just 7% of them -- 49 in all --created products that scored a perfect ten on oar measure of blockbuster success. To achieve that score, products had to reach or exceed company goals, customer expectations, profit and sales targets, garner company and industry awards, and attract national attention. Products dont become blockbusters without the in-tense, personal involvement of senior management -- usually a CEO or division head. In every case studied, top management played an intimate, active, often daily role. This approach has been out of favor for decades, creative teams, as the thinking goes, should be empowered by management and then left alone. Too much attention stifles innovation. To that we say "Baloney". Our work shows that, in the best case, management involvement should start on day one. Ideally, senior managers work closely with product team to establish must-have features and then help clear a path for the team. Top managers control resources, rules and cut through red tape. And,crucially, senior managers serve as cheerleaders and visionaries, broadcasting a message of organizational commitment that attracts buy-in at all levels of the company. What happened to Colgate’S new toothpaste？

A.The results ran contrary to the company’S expectation．

B.It achieved a great success．

C.It took a great portion of market share．

D.The new technology was not popular among customers．

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第7题
The earliest packet-switched network that connected a few universities and research ce
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第8题
The research protocol describes（）.

A.Why the study is being conducte

B.What will be done in the study.

C.Who will be involved in the research study).

D.When study interventions will take plac

E.

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第9题
The pedagogy major of American university looks from research direction, what can div

A.Macro research direction

B.School management direction

C.Teaching direction

D.Linguistic orientation

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第10题
This research team has found a new （)for cancer.

A.treatment

B.treat

C.cure

D.curable

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