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Researchers have shown that ()can elevate mood, improve creativity and enhance sleep in many but not all people.
grA.fabric
B.fraA.fabric
B.fragrance
C.fragment
D.facility
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Are There Truths in Dreams？
Imagine waking up after dreaming(dream) about a terrible plane crash. The next day you will make a plane journey that you have （1） (plan) lone before. Will you get on the plane？
A survey shows that you may not cancel your trip. But your dream will probably influence your （2）(thought) during the journey. You may feel （3） (worry) and find the trip much （4） (long) than before. So dreams may influence what we are （5） (real) doing while we are awake.
The explanation of dreams is still a(n) （6） (clear) are. A team of researchers are entering a new field of studies: Do dreams actually influence our（7） (behave)？ Over the past few years, they have （8） (do) studies in different cultures and found out that dreams contain some （9） (hide) truths: dreams affect the way people live and work. But researchers also tell people not to be （10）(easy) influenced by their dreams.
carbon “footprint”.That footprint reflects the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted(排放)into the atmosphere as a result of someone’s daily activities.Carbon footprints tend to be low for city dwellers(城镇居民).Living in a suburb outside a city, however, can turn that footprint into a bootprint.
Energy researchers Christopher Jones and Daniel Kammen calculated carbon footprints for people in every zip code across the United States.People living in city centers had small footprints, the researchers found.“It is much easier to have a low carbon impact if your home is close to where you work, shop and play,” explains Jones.Living within walking or biking distance cuts back on the amount of carbon dioxide associated with moving people by cars.And cities with extensive bus and subway networks allow people to travel great distances while keeping releases of climate-altering greenhouse gases low.
Not everyone can afford to live in the city, however.And not everyone wants to.Rings of suburbs have popped up around major cities across the world.Suburbs offer more space, allowing people to build larger homes.Suburbs may offer better schools for a family’s kids.But those homes are typically well beyond walking distance from where their owners work, play or learn.So people who live in suburbs often drive long distances.
The new findings are an important contribution to climate research, says Matthew Kahn, an environmental economist at the University of California, who was not involved with the study.Kahn would like to see the analysis applied to other parts of the world — Europe, India and China, for instance.That would give scientists a better feel for how culture might mix with location to influence our carbon footprints.
21.“Footprint” refers to the amount of carbon dioxide released by ______.
A.an industry
B.an individual
C.a region
D.a country
22.What is the new finding concerning the footprints of people living in cities and those living in suburbs？()
A.The two are not at all comparable
B.The former are higher than the latter
C.The latter are higher than the former
D.The former are similar to the latter
23.What is the key factor mentioned to explain the new findings？()
A.Distance travelled by cars
B.Spending habits
C.Size of families
D.Attitude towards energy saving
24.What does Matthew Kahn think of the new findings？()
A.He is confused by the mixed messages
B.He thinks highly of them
C.He can easily understand them
D.He doubts their validity
25.What is the purpose of the author in writing the passage？()
A.To call on people to reduce carbon footprints
B.To offer tips on how to live a low-carbon life
C.To clear up misunderstandings about carbon emission
D.To introduce the research on carbon footprints
In reality researchers continue to find strong growth and acceptance of telecommuting. Nearly two-thirds of the top 1000 companies in the world have a telecommuting program，and 92 percent say it reduces cost and improves worker productivity(生产力) .The days of everyone commuting to the office five days a week are quickly disappearing.
Telecommuting involves a non-traditional work arrangement enabling workers to work at home or elsewhere，some or all of the time. This is not a new, novel, or untested way of working.
But is it for you？ Telecommuting is not a panacea(万能药) .Whether you are a manager, or an HR(Human Resources) specialist, there are decisions to make and actions to take before you begin a telecommuting arrangement.
Join us for any or all of the following meetings to get answers, information, and resources to develop and carry out a successful telecommuting arrangement. Each meeting offers you an informative presentation followed by the opportunity for a discussion with a panel of “experts” who have made telecommuting work for them.
1.How do people look at telecommuting according to the first paragraph______
A、They are against it
B、They don’t care about it
C、They share the same view
D、They differ in their opinions
2.According to the response of most of the top 1000 companies, telecommuting_________.
A、increases worker productivity
B、will disappear in the near future
C、cannot be accepted by the public
D、is practiced in all the top companies
3.Which of the following statements is TRUE of telecommuting______
A、It is up to the employees to accept it or not
B、It is getting popular in different companies
C、It is a new untested way of working
D、It is a traditional work arrangement
4.Before beginning a telecommuting arrangement，the management should______.
A、appoint a new HR spec
B、provide the facilities and conditions
C、improve the company’s productivity first
D、decide whether it is suitable for the company
5.According to the last paragraph，meetings are held to___________.
A、appreciate the efforts of the telecommuting companies
B、discuss the employment of telecommuting experts
C、help introduce the practice of telecommuting
D、train people before
A、deficit
B、abundance
C、defend
D、derive
Countries Rush for Upper Hand in Antarctica
A)On a glacier-filled island with fjords (峡湾) and elephant seals，Russia has built Antarctica's first
Orthodox church on a hill overlooking its research base. Less than an hour away by snow mobile, Chinese lab ourers have updated the Great Wall Station，a vital part of China's plan to operate five bases on Antarctica，complete with an indoor badminton court and sleeping quarters for 150 people.Not to be outdone，India's futuristic new Bharathi base，built on stilts(桩子)using 134 interlockingshipping containers，resembles a spaceship. Turkey and Iran have announced plans to build bases，too.
B)More than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom of the world,and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve，shieldedfrom intrusions like military activities and mining.But an array of countries are rushing to assertgreater influence here，with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire，but alsofor the strategic and commercial opportunities that already exist.
C)The newer players are stepping into what they view as a treasure house of resources.Some of the ventures focus on the Antarctic resources that are already up for grabs，like abundant sea life. SouthKorea，which operates state-of-the-art bases here，is increasing its fishing of krill (磷虾)，found inabundance in the Southern Ocean，while Russia recently frustrated efforts to create one of the world'slargest occan sanctuaries herc.
D) Some scientists are examining the potential for harvesting icebergs from Antarctica，which is estimatedto have the biggest reserves of fresh water on the planet. Nations are also pressing ahead with spaceresearch and satellite projects to expand their global navigation abilities.
E) Building on a Soviet-era foothold，Russia is expanding its monitoring stations for Glonass，its version of
the Global Positioning System (GPS). At least three Russian stations are already operating in Antarctica，part of its effort to challenge the dominance of the American GPS，and new stations are planned for sites like the Russian base，in the shadow of the Orthodox Church of the Holy 'Trinity.F) Elsewhere in Antarctica，Russian researchers boast of their recent discovery of a freshwater reserve
the size of Lake Ontario after drilling through miles of solid ice.“You can see that we're here tostay,”said Vladimir Cheberdak，57，chief of the Bellingshausen Station，as he sipped tea under aportrait of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen，a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Russian Navywho explored the Antarctic coast in 1820.
G)Antarctica's mineral，oil and gas wealth are a longer-term prize. The treaty banning mining here，
shielding coveted (令人垂涎的)reserves of iron ore，coal and chromium，comes up for reviewin 2048. Researchers recently found kimberlite (金伯利岩)deposits hinting at the existence ofdiamonds. And while assessments vary widely，geologists estimate that Antarctica holds at least36 billion barrels of oil and natural gas.
H) Beyond the Antarctic treaties，huge obstacles persist to tapping these resources，like drifting icebergs that could jeopardise offshore platforms. Then there is Antarctica's remoteness，with some mineraldeposits found in windswept locations on a continent that is larger than Europe and where wintertemperatures hover around minus 55 degrees Celsius.
I) But advances in technology might make Antarctica a lot more accessible three decades from now.And even before then，scholars warn，the demand for resources in an energy-hungry world could raisepressure to renegotiatce Antarctica's treaties，possibly allowing more commercial endeavours here wellbefore the prohibitions against them expire. The research stations on King George Island offer aglimpse into the long game on this ice-blanketed continent as nations assert themselves，eroding thesway long held by countries like the United States，Britain，Australia and New Zealand.
J) Being stationed in Antarctica involves adapting to life on the planet's driest，windiest and coldest continent，yet each nation manages to make itself at home. Bearded Russian priests offer regularservices at the Orthodox church for the 16 or so Russian speakers who spend the winter at the base,largely polar scientists in fields like glaciology and meteorology. Their number climbs to about 40 inthe warmer summer months. China has arguably the fastest-growing operations in Antarctica. Itopened its fourth station last year and is pressing ahead with plans to build a fifth. It is building itssecond ice-breaking ship and setting up research drilling operations on an ice dome 13,422 feet abovesea level that is one of the planet's coldest places. Chinese officials say the expansion in Antarcticaprioritises scientific research，but they also acknowledge that concerns about“ resource security"influence their moves.
K) China's newly renovated Great Wall Station on King Gcorge Island makes the Russian and Chilean bases here seem outdated.“We do weather monitoring here and other research,”Ning Xu，53，thechief of the Chinese base，said over tea during a fierce blizzard(暴风雪) in late November. The largebase he leads resembles a snowed-in college campus on holiday break，with the capacity to sleep morethan 10 times the 13 people who were staying on through the Antarctic winter. Yong Yu，a Chinesemicrobiologist，showed off the spacious building，with empty desks under an illustrated timelinedetailing the rapid growth of China's Antarctic operations since the 1980s.“We now feel equipped togrow,”he said.
L) As some countries expand operations in Antarctica，the United States maintains three year-round stations on the continent with more than 1,000 people during the southern hemisphere's summer, including those at the Amundsen-Scott station，built in 1956 at an elevation of 9,301 feet on a plateauat the South Pole. But US researchers quietly complain about budget restraints and having far fewerice breakers than Russia，limiting the reach of the United States in Antarctica.
M) Scholars warn that Antarctica's political drift could blur the distinction between military and civilian activities long before the continent's treaties come up for renegotiation，especially in parts of Antarctica that are ideal for intercepting(拦截) signals from satellites or retasking satellite systems，potentially enhancing global electronic intelligence operations.
N) Some countries have had a hard time here. Brazil opened a research station in 1984，but it was largely destroyed by a fire that killed two members of the navy in 2012，the same year that a diesel-laden Brazilian barge sank near the base. As if that were not enough，a Brazilian C-130 Hercules military transport plane has remained stranded near the runway of Chile's air base here since it crash-landed in 2014.
O)However，Brazil's stretch of misfortune has created opportunities for China，with a Chinese company winning the $100 million contract in 2015 to rebuild the Brazilian station.
P) Amid all the changes，Antarctica maintains its allure. South Korea opened its second Antarctic
research base in 2014，describing it as a way to test robots developed by Korean researchers for use in extreme conditions. With Russia's help，Belarus is preparing to build its first Antarctic base. Colombia said this year that it planned to join other South American nations with bases in Antarctica.
Q) “The old days of the Antarctic being dominated by the interests and wishes of white men from
European，Australasian and North American states are over,”said Klaus Dodds，a politics scholar at the University of London who specialises in Antarctica.“The reality is that Antarctica is geopolitically contested.”
36. According to Chinese officials，their activities in Antarctica lay greater emphasis on scientific research.
37.Efforts to create one of the world's largest ocean sanctuaries failed because of Russia's obstruction.
38. With several monitoring stations operating in Antarctica，Russia is trying hard to counter America's dominance in the field of worldwide navigational facilities.
39.According to geologists’estimates，Antarctica has enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.
40. It is estimated that Antarctica boasts of the richest reserves of fresh water on earth.
41. The demand for energy resources may compel renegotiation of Antarctica's treaties before their expiration.
42. Many countries are racing against each other to increase their business and strategic influence on Antarctica.
43. Antarctica's harsh natural conditions constitute huge obstacles to the exploitation of its resources.
44. With competition from many countries，Antarctica is no longer dominated by the traditional white nations.
45. American scientists complain about lack of sufficient money and equipment for their expansion in Antarctica.
Television works in much the same way as radio.In radio, sound is changed into electromagnetic waves which are sent through the air.Experiments leading to modern television took place more than a hundred years ago.By the 1920s inventors and researchers had turned the early theories into working models.Yet it took another thirty years for TV to become industry.
The influence of TV on the life of the people is incalculable: it can influence their thoughts and their way of life.It can also add to their store of knowledge.Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects.Some hospitals use TV for medical students to get close-up views of operations.At first television programs were broadcast in black-and-white.With the development of science and technology, the problem of how to telecast them in full color was solved and by the middle 1960s the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color.
The programs that people watch are not only local and national ones.Since the launching of the first communications satellite, more and more programs are telecast ‘live’ from all over the world.People in San Francisco were able to watch the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo.And live telecasts now come form. outer space.In 1969, the first astronauts to land on the moon televised their historic ‘moon walk’ to viewers on the earth.Since then, astronauts have regularly sent telecast to the earth.
1.The launching of communications satellites make it possible for people in San Francisco to ________.
A.get close-up views of operations
B.watch the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo
C.store knowledge
D.watch national programs
2.The development of science and technology made it possible for television programs to ______.
A.be telecast in San Francisco B.be telecast in full color
C.be telecast in Tokyo D.be telecast in black-and-white
3.The word ‘incalculable’ means _____.
A.easy to tell
B.difficult to tell
C.very great
D.very small
4.Television is said to be the modern wonder of electronics, because_____.
A.it influences people’s way of life
B.it brings the world into people’s own home in sight and sound
C.it works as radio
D.it makes people see far
5.Television became an industry in ______.
A.1950
B.the 1950s
C.the 1920s
D.the 1960s
The brain is a seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime’s knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity. The answer is no, because brains are more sophisticated than that. Instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Precious behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting. But in a new study, researchers demonstrated for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine, for instance, that just lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number(PIN). Each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one. This process improves access to the relevant information, without old memories interfering. And most of us may sometimes feel the frustration of having old memories interfere with new, relevant memories. Consider trying to remember where you parked your car in the same car park you were at a week earlier. This type of memory (where you are trying to remember new, but similar information) is particularly vulnerable to interference. When we acquire new information, the main automatically tries to incorporate(合并) it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve(检索) information, both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled. The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, and its importance begins to be more appreciated. A very small number of people are able to remember almost every detail of their life. While it may sound like an advantage to many, people with this rare condition often find their unusual ability burdensome. In a sense, forgetting is our brain’s way of sorting memories, so the most relevant memories are ready for retrieval. Normal forgetting may even be a safety mechanism to ensure our brain doesn’t become too full. What does the passage say about forgetting？
A、It can enlarge our brain capacity.
B、It helps get rid of negative memories.
C、It is a way of organizing our memories.
D、It should not cause any alarm in any way.
(1) Life can be tough for immigrants in America. As a Romanian bank clerk in Atlanta puts it, to find a good job “you have to be like a wolf in the forest – able to smell out the best meat.” And if you can’t find work, don’t expect the taxpayer to bail you out. Unlike in some European countries, it is extremely hard for an able-bodied immigrant to live off the state. A law passed in 1996 explicitly bars most immigrants, even those with legal status, from receiving almost any federal benefits. (2) That is one reason why America absorbs immigrants better than any other rich countries, according to a new study by the University of California. The researchers sought to measure the effect of immigration on the native-born in 20 rich countries, taking into account differences in skills between immigrants and natives, imperfect labor markets and the size of the welfare state in each country. (3) Their results offer ammunition for fans of more open borders. In 19 out of 20 countries, the authors calculated that shutting the doors entirely to foreign workers would make the native-born worse off. Never mind what it would do to the immigrants themselves, who benefit far more than anyone else from being allowed to cross borders to find work. (4) The study also suggests that most countries could handle more immigration than they currently allow. In America, a one-percentage point increase in the proportion of immigrants in the population made the native-born 0.05% better off. The opposite was true in some countries with generous or ill-designed welfare states, however. A one-point rise in immigration made the native-born slightly worse off in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. In Belgium, immigrants who lose jobs can receive almost two-thirds of their most recent wage in state benefits, which must make the hunt for a new job less urgent. (5) None of these effects was large, but the study undermines the claim that immigrants steal jobs from native or drag down their wages. Many immigrants take jobs that Americans do not want, the study finds. This “smooths” the labor market and ultimately creates more jobs for locals. Native-owned grocery stores do better business because there are immigrants to pick the fruit they sell. Indian computer scientists help American software firms expand. A previous study found that because immigrants typically earn less than locals with similar skills, they boost corporate profits, prompting companies to grow and hire more locals. 1. Increase in immigration in Austria fails to improve locals’ life mainly because of ________.
A、low wages for locals
B、imperfect labor markets
C、the design of the welfare system
D、inadequate skills of immigrants
On the other hand, scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things, and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease, cancer and many more. In that light, aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.
Biophysicist Alex Zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. He said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments.
"It unties the hands of the pharmaceutical (制药的.industry so that they can begin treating the disease and not just the side effects," he said.
"Right now, people think of aging as natural and something you can't control," he said. "In academic circles, people take aging research as just an interest area where they can try to develop interventions. The medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range."
But if aging were recognized as a disease, he said, "It would attract funding and change the way we do health care. What matters is understanding that aging is curable."
"It was always known that the body accumulates damage," he added. "The only way to cure aging is to find ways to repair that damage. I think of it as preventive medicine for age-related conditions."
Leonard Hayflick, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. Hayflick is not among them.
"There're many people who recover from cancer, stroke, or heart disease. But they continue to age, because aging is separate from their disease," Hayflick said. "Even if those causes of death were eliminated, life expectancy would still not go much beyond 92 years."
66.What do people generally believe about aging______
A.It should cause no alarm whatsoever.
B.They just cannot do anything about it.
C.It should be regarded as a kind of disease.
D.They can delay it with advances in science.
67.How do many scientists view aging now______
A.It might be prevented and treated.
B.It can be as risky as heart disease.
C.It results from a vitamin deficiency.
D.It is an irreversible biological process.
68.What does Alex Zhavoronkov think of "describing aging as a disease"______
A.It will prompt people to take aging more seriously.
B.It will greatly help reduce the side effects of aging.
C.It will free pharmacists from the conventional beliefs about aging.
D.It will motivate doctors and pharmacists to find ways to treat aging.
69.What do we learn about the medical community______
A.They now have a strong interest in research on aging.
B.They differ from the academic circles in their view on aging.
C.They can contribute to people's health only to a limited extent.
D.They have ways to intervene in people's aging process.
70.What does professor Leonard Hayflick believe______
A.The human lifespan cannot be prolonged.
B.Aging is hardly separable from disease.
C.Few people live up to the age of 92.
D.Heart disease is the major cause of aging.
health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife—not the husband— becomes seriously ill.
"Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce," said researcher Amelia Karraker. Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.
The researchers examined how the onset(发生)of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31% of marriages ended in divorce over the period studied. The incidence of new chronic(慢性的)illness onset increased over time as well, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems. "We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness," Karraker said. "They're more likely to be widowed, and if they're the ones who become ill, they're more likely to get divorced."
While the study didn't assess why divorce is more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. "Gender norms and social expectations about caregiving may make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses," Karraker said. "And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women."
Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.
"Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages," she said. "But it's also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs."
91.What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage_____
A.They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.
B.They are as binding as they used to be.
C.They are not taken seriously any more.
D.They may help couples tide over hard times.
92.What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands_____
A.They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.
B.They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.
C.They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.
D.They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.
93.What does Karraker say about women who fall ill_____
A.They are more likely to be widowed.
B.They are more likely to get divorced.
C.They are less likely to receive good care.
D.They are less likely to bother their spouses.
94.Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker_____
A.They are more accustomed to receiving care.
B.They find it more important to make money for the family.
C.They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.
D.They expect society to do more of the job.
95.What does Karraker think is also important_____
A.Reducing marital stress on wives.
B.Providing extra care for divorced women.
C.Stabilizing old couples' relations.
D.Making men pay for their wives, health costs.
A.never have and never will be trusted
B.never have and will be trusted
C.never have been trusted and never will be trusted
D.never have has anyone teust them and never will have anyone trust them
